400多年前,1605年的整个夏天 400 years ago, throughout the summer of 1605,
每当夜幕降临,就有一小撮鬼鬼祟祟的家伙 a group of men spent their nights
在泰晤士河上来来回回地划船 rowing back and forth across this river.
他们是一群宗教极端主义者 正在筹划一桩大屠杀 They were religious extremists intent on carnage.
他们想把一桶桶的炸药 从泰晤士河下游的一所房子里 What they were doing was transporting barrels of gunpowder
运到议会大厦中去 from a house further down the Thames up to the Houses of Parliament.
他们要把整座建筑还有国王詹姆斯一世 Their aim was to blow up the building and with it the King,
他的一家,贵族,主教 还有下院议员们都炸上天 his family, the nobility, the bishops, the MPs.
实际上,他们想干掉英国整个当权派 In effect the entire English establishment.
我们把这个事件叫做"火药阴谋案" It's what we all know as the Gunpowder Plot.
这起阴谋最终被挫败了 And in the end it failed.
11月5号,正当盖.福克斯在 上议院下面的一个地下室内 On the 5th November, Guy Fawkes was discovered by guards,
准备点燃导火线的紧急关头 一群卫兵冲进来逮住了他 in a vault below the House of Lords, about to light the touchpaper.
这场阴谋如果得逞 破坏程度有可能与911相当 This conspiracy had the potential for destruction on a 9/11 scale.
现在我们把这些家伙视为"恐怖分子" Now these men would be seen as terrorists.
他们是那个时代的"基地"组织 They were the Al Qaeda of their day.
天主教徒 Catholics.
他们的阴谋至今仍是英国历史上 And their conspiracy remains one of the greatest threats
国家安全层面一起最大的威胁 to state security in English history.
我们永远不会忘记盖.福克斯 We've never forgotten Guy Fawkes.
我们一直记得11月5号这个日子 We remember, remember the 5th November.
但是这个插曲与英国人向来 But this episode clashes
对自身的看法起了冲突 with everything the English think about themselves.
英国人有种根深蒂固的观念 The English have a rooted belief
他们的宽容传统是有着光荣悠久历史的 that they have a long and glorious tradition of tolerance.
多元宗教信仰,多元种族 欢迎所有人的到来 Multi faith, multi ethnic, everybody welcome here.
但是盖.福克斯之夜当然 无关乎共生共荣 But Guy Fawkes night is certainly not about live and let live.
它是一场象征性的表演 焚烧一名罗马天主教徒 It's the symbolic enactment of burning a Roman Catholic,
盖.福克斯 Guy Fawkes.
人们不会忘记这个时刻 It's a memory of a time
那时,英国人的宽容性 是这个世界上最少的 when this nation was one of the least tolerant in the world.
在这个系列里,我要探究英国人的个性 In this series, I'm examining English identity.
究竟是什么 What it is.
还有,它是如何随着岁月的流逝而改变的 And how it's changed through time.
在这一集里 In this programme,
我要追溯英国人对于宽容的看法 I'll be tracing the English attitude towards tolerance.
审视他们如何对待异议人士 Looking at how they've treated those they've regarded as different.
我将揭示其中意义深远的变化 And I'll reveal there's been a profound transformation.
英国人从宗教迫害者 The English have gone from being religious persecutors,
转变为捍卫自由信念的先锋 to pioneers of freedom of belief.
有人也许会认为 这种变化有它的必然性 Some might argue this change was inevitable.
因为宗教丧失了对社会的控制能力 As religion lost its grip on society.
被世俗的原则占据了上风 And secular ideals took hold.
因而英国人变得更加文明 So the English became more civilised,
更加宽容了 more tolerant.
我不同意这种观点 I disagree.
我相信英国人宽容性的根源 I believe the root of English toleration
可以在基督教的历史中找到 is to be found in its Christian history.
但这不仅仅像爱你的邻居那么简单 But this is no simple story of love thy neighbour.
一切皆出于一系列偶发事件 而不是事先规划好的 It's been a journey of accident rather than design.
多数是出于对英国教会的敬畏之心 It's often the fears of the English Church
教会为不同的文化和信仰 which have paved the way
铺平了宽容之路 for toleration of different cultures and beliefs.
我们要讲述的是,英国人是如何 发现自由和宽容的 This is the story of how the English discovered liberty and tolerance.
教会在这一过程里 自始至终扮演了不同寻常的角色 And the remarkable role the church played in it all.
上帝如何塑造英国人
第二集:一个宽容的民族?
卡姆登市政厅
每年,人们成群结队地来到伦敦 开始他们的新生活 Every year people flock to Britain to start a new life.
这个国家做了一件真正的好事 One of the things this country does really well
它创造了很多崭新的仪式 is to invent brand new rituals.
最近的一种就是入籍仪式 And one of the latest is a citizenship ceremony,
想要在此定居的人就要参加 which is for those who want to settle here.
我到卡姆登市政厅来看看 究竟是怎么一回事 And I've come to Camden Town Hall just to see how it's done.
申请公民身份的人 要带好照片标识号码 Could those becoming citizens please get together their photo ID
以及邀请函 and their invitation letter.
每年有20万移民通过这些仪式 In these ceremonies, about 200,000 immigrants a year
向联合王国宣誓效忠 swear their loyalty to the UK.
SONG: "God Save the Queen" 国歌:天佑女王
不过我想知道,英国对这些移民 But I want to know what it is about England in particular
有什么特别的吸引力 that attracts them.
SONG: "God Save the Queen" 天佑女王
我来自菲律宾 I came from Philippines,
在我们国家,言论不是很自由的 and the freedom of speech in our country is a bit limited.
不像在英国,你们可以自由地 发表个人的意见 Erm, unlike in England where you can voice out your own opinions freely.
我属于一个穆斯林少数民族社团 I belong to a minority Muslim community
就是巴基斯坦的少数民族 社团会受到宗教迫害 it's in minority in Pakistan, and there's a lot of persecution against
开展宗教活动也不是很自由 the community as such. We're not very free to practice the religion.
这个国家让我最爱的地方就是 And I think one of the things that I absolutely love about this country
我可以自由自在地生活 is that I feel free to do whatever I want to do.
这些人认为他们会找到一片 对于差异性保持中立的净土 What these folk think they'll find is an indifference to difference.
他们能拥有自己的空间 Room to be themselves.
英国人宽容的名声 England's reputation for tolerance
是这个民族颇为自豪的东西 is something the nation prides itself on.
不过,别看现在英国人的 自我感觉好到天上去了 But before the English get too pleased with themselves,
他们可以在现代社会里 behind this modern day story
享有自主权和言论自由 of freedom and individual self expression,
但是从前他们可做过 不少不光彩的事 there is a rather more discreditable tale.
英国人曾经对异议人士实施过 某种程度的宗教迫害和打击 The English once did persecution and intolerance
在这一点上,恐怕现代随便哪一个 独裁者的做法都是望尘莫及的 in a way which would make any modern dictator proud.
但是说来奇怪,往往正是这些 令人半信半疑的往事 Yet, curiously, it was often strands from this dubious past,
才促使英国人去发掘出自身的宽容性 which prompted the English to discover tolerance.
促成这种变化的关键是基督教会 And at the heart of that change was the Christian church.
在伦敦市里,留下了不少某个团体 In the City Of London there are traces of one of the first
在英格兰遭受宗教迫害的遗迹 groups to experience persecution in England.
这些街道的得名要上溯到1070年 These street names date to 1070.
那时,征服者威廉最先从诺曼底 把犹太人带到此地 When William the Conqueror first brought Jews here, from Normandy.
他只有一个目的 With a single purpose.
那就是放债 Moneylending.
那时的英国还处在中世纪 This was a time when Medieval England
是一个引以为豪的天主教国家 was a proudly Catholic nation.
但是天主教会坚称 But the Catholic church insisted
为了牟利而放债是一桩违背宗教的恶行 that lending money at interest was a sin.
既然在英格兰人人都信天主教 那就有问题了 And since everyone in England was Catholic, that was a problem.
所幸国王威廉是个金融方面的天才 So it was a stroke of financial genius on the part of King William,
他引入了一伙非基督徒来放债 to import a set of non-Christians to do the money lending.
说到底,让犹太人来放债就没什么关系了 After all, what's it matter if Jews do the sinning.
但是,债主永远是不讨人喜欢的 But money lenders are never popular.
在不到一个世纪的时间里 情形就变得很糟糕了 And in less than a century things would turn poisonous.
英格兰反犹情绪的肇始 Anti-Jewish feeling in England can be traced back
可以追溯到一桩恐怖的谋杀案 to the story of an horrific murder.
剑桥郡诺里奇小城索普树林
1144年复活节,这天是星期六 On Easter Saturday 1144, the dead body of a 12-year-old boy
有人在这儿发现了一具12岁男孩的尸体 was found here.
他半裸着,嘴被人堵上了 He was gagged and half naked.
他叫威廉 His name was William.
上个星期二他就失踪了 And he'd been missing since the previous Tuesday.
复活节之后,人们纷纷从城里来到这儿 Over the Easter weekend people came out here from the city
直愣愣地看着案发地 to gawp at the site of the killing.
谣言很快就散布开来 And soon the rumours started.
有人说他是被犹太人杀死的 Some of the family said that he'd been murdered by Jews.
这已经够耸人听闻的了 Well, that was horrific enough,
随后的传闻还说,他是被模仿成 but then came the story came that he'd been crucified
基督的样子钉死在十字架上的 in mockery of the death of Christ.
争论继续发酵,有人说 The argument went that, if,
如果像<福音书>上声称的那样 是犹太人杀死基督的话 as the Gospels claimed, the Jews had killed Jesus,
那么以他们的天性而言 他们同样也会杀死一个小孩子 then it was in their nature to kill a child in the same way.
那个基督教史上的 虚构事件贻害无穷 It was the start of a toxic Christian myth,
被称为"血腥诽谤" known as The Blood Libel.
这个指控完全是捏造的 说是犹太人谋杀了不少信仰基督的孩子 A false accusation that the Jews murdered Christian children
并用他们的血 在犹太人自己的宗教仪式上献祭 and used their blood in their own religious rituals.
不久,威廉被视作圣徒 William was soon seen as a Saint.
人们将他的遗体送到诺里奇大教堂 And his body was brought here to Norwich Cathedral.
他的神龛很早就没有了 His shrine has long disappeared.
但我是来拜会历史学家米里.罗宾的 But I've come here to meet the historian, Miri Rubin,
我们要讨论一下 犹太人为何会背上谋杀的罪名 to discuss why the Jews were blamed for his murder.
诺里奇的小威廉真的 是犹太人杀死的吗? Did the Jews really kill little William of Norwich?
不是,绝对没有任何证据显示 No, and we have absolutely no evidence from the period
犹太人和这起案件有联系 that's at all reliable to suggest so.
可为何犹太人会被诬陷呢? So why do the Jews get the blame for it?
嗯,就说说我们所处的这个时代吧 Well, just like we know from our own times,
孩子失踪了,孩子死掉了 这绝对是令人震惊的 a child disappears, a child dies, it's absolutely appalling.
这时候你就会去指责别人 You look to blame people.
家里人也不会去自我反省 Families tend not to look at themselves,
相反,会去找几个臆想中的坏人 but rather to seek someone already thought to be evil
或看不顺眼的人来当替罪羊 or different or other.
在英格兰,犹太人是唯一信教的少数民族 And the Jews are the only religious minority in England.
所以可想而知,他们就成了 那种典型的圈外团体 So they're, you know, the typical sort of outsider group
人们就猜想,他们那里 会发生很多可怕的事情 in whose houses one can imagine appalling things happening.
那么对英格兰的犹太人有什么影响吗? So what were the consequences for the Jews of England?
嗯,无独有偶,这类悲剧事件 Well, the story had a real afterlife
很快就在12世纪下半叶 and very soon, indeed the second half of the 12th century
不断地重演了多次 到处风言风语 we have a number of copycat cases, really, where it was rumoured
说是犹太人和小孩子 that Jews might have been involved in the killings of little children,
通常是小男孩的谋杀案件有牵连 usually boys.
我们也知道1255年在林肯郡发生的事件 We know also that in 1255 in Lincoln
此类指控让一大批犹太人都背上了罪名 such an accusation unfolds fully whereby Jews of the city are accused,
他们被捕后最终被处决了 they're arrested and ultimately executed.
真的,诺里奇凶杀案的余波 持续了影响了人们一个多世纪 So over a century of the aftermath of Norwich, really,
对犹太人来说,这起事件非常重大 尽人皆知,有着特殊的意义 this becomes a very powerful, well known, resonant narrative
也决定了他们会如何回应基督徒 about Jews and what they might do to Christians.
英国人掀起了一场 传播可怕谣言的高潮 The English had set in motion a devastating rumour.
它席卷了欧洲大地 Which spread across Europe.
引发了对犹太人的大屠杀 Triggering pogroms and massacres of Jews.
杀戮,并不仅仅发生在中世纪 And not just in the medieval period.
21世纪的英格兰 In 21st century England
犹太教堂和社团欣欣向荣 with its synagogues and flourishing Jewish communities,
要英国人来承认那个最为恶毒的谎言 it's painful to acknowledge the English invention
原来是他们捏造的,这是很痛苦的事情 of this most poisonous of lies.
英国人曾经无情地 利用过犹太人还伤害他们 The English ruthlessly used and then abused the Jews.
1290年,犹太人还被全体驱逐出境 In 1290 they expelled them altogether.
是全欧洲此恶行的始作俑者 The first kingdom to do so in all Europe.
但是受此迫害的不单是犹太人 But it wasn't just the Jews.
中世纪的英国教会会迫害任何人 The medieval English church hounded anyone
只要他胆敢违抗官方的教义 who resisted official doctrine.
异教徒被逼改宗天主教 Heretics were forced to convert to the Catholic faith
如果他们敢于抗拒,那就只能等死 and if they resisted, they faced death.
但吸引我的是 But what I find fascinating
这种系统性暴虐行为背后 究竟隐藏着什么东西 is what lay behind this systematic brutality.
横眉冷对这些中世纪的基督徒 是非常容易办到的 It's too simple to dismiss these medieval Christians
尽可以将他们视作施虐狂或者偏执狂 just as sadists or bigots.
他们迫害异见人士的理由是有根据的 There was a good reason for persecuting non believers.
那就是出于一种恐惧 And it stemmed from a fear.
对地狱的恐惧 A fear of hell.
查尔顿村圣彼得与圣保罗教堂
萨里郡的郊外枝叶繁茂 走进这座历经800多年沧桑的教堂 In the leafy suburbs of Surrey, in a church dating back over 800 years,
你依稀可以感觉到 you can still get a glimpse
13世纪的英国人笃信,他们百年之后 into the terrifying fate that the 13th century English believed
一种冥冥之中的噩运 会降临到他们头上 was awaiting them after death.
如果他们没能遵守 基督教的清规戒律,人就会倒霉 If they failed to live exemplary Christian lives.
这种绘画就是绝大多数基督徒 Paintings like this were the way
学习基督教教义的途径 that most Christians learned their Christianity
因为他们基本上都是文盲 所以绘画表达的意境主宰了他们 because they couldn't read or write so pictures were everything.
这幅画教会他们 哪些东西需要优先考虑 And this picture taught them their priorities.
请看画幅的当中 Look at the middle of it.
有一条很窄的白色带状物 We've got this quite narrow white band.
请看这儿 Now that is the here and now.
你跟我都身处其间 That's where you and I live.
描绘的都是人们死后的生活 And everything else is the afterlife.
请看,这里有把梯子 Now also look, there's a ladder.
它指着两个方向 It goes in two directions.
向上,它通往遥远的天堂 And upwards it goes to a distant heaven.
但是往下看,有些人的灵魂就坠入了地狱 But downwards and look at those souls tumbling down, into hell.
这种对于冥间永恒痛苦的恐惧 It was this fear of eternal pain in the afterlife
引发了英国人对异议人士的迫害 which underlay English persecution of those who were different.
如果犹太人,异教徒或者罪人 不改邪归正的话 If Jews, heretics or sinners failed to change their ways
他们就会一辈子受到诅咒 they would be damned forever.
因而中世纪的基督徒坚决主张 So medieval Christians argued
强迫异教徒改宗 使之皈依为真正的基督徒 that forcibly converting such deviants to true Christian faith
是一种悲天悯人的行为 was an act of compassion.
我们认为,无所谓人信仰什么 只要有宽容心都是一桩好事 We think that tolerance of all beliefs or none is a good thing.
而当时的基督徒却认为这种想法很邪恶 They thought it was wicked.
认为我们这么想 是在阻挠人们通向天堂 You were preventing people getting to heaven.
是在逼人下地狱 You were condemning them to hell.
把我们看成灵魂的杀人犯 You were a murderer of souls.
在英国历史上 这种骇人听闻的做法延续了1000年 It's shocking to realise that for the first 1,000 years
这个民族给人心胸狭隘之感 of English history what defined this nation was its intolerance
意识到这一点之后,我非常震惊 of all who were different.
这个国家今日的做法 比起以往天壤之别 Quite a contrast with this country today.
但正如宗教恐惧引燃了 发生在英国的迫害事件那样 But just as it was religious fear that sparked English persecution
恐惧也激发英国人变得更加宽容 so it was fear that also fired the English to become more tolerant.
我要去意大利探寻究竟 And I'm heading to Italy to uncover why.
意大利基耶蒂 (意大利中部阿布鲁佐大区一城市)
每到耶稣受难日 这个宁静的意大利小城 Every Good Friday this quiet Italian town,
就被一种独特的宗教仪式变了个样 is transformed by a unique religious ritual.
它的起源至少要上溯到1000年前 Dating back at least 1,000 years.
这种仪式依稀留有 当年英国天主教的影子 The ceremony gives us a glimpse of what Catholic England
我仿佛回到了500年前 would've have looked and felt like 500 years ago.
仪式在大教堂外开始 It begins outside the Cathedral.
大家都打扮了一番 And everyone seems to have turned out.
你想象不到这事会发生在英格兰吧? You couldn't imagine this happening in England, could you?
我认为不同的地方 What's different, I think,
就在于宗教仪式延伸到了街道上 is the way in which church has spilled out into the street
以前的英国就是这个样子 and yet England was like that once.
15世纪的时候,英国人外向,易动情 In the 15th century the English were extrovert, emotional,
街上排着好长的队伍 they had great processions in the street.
1480年时的英格兰就是那样 This was England about 1480.
16世纪之前,英国人一直信仰罗马天主教 Up until the 16th century to be English was to be Roman Catholic.
对教皇忠心耿耿 Devoted to the Pope.
但是对很多如今身处英格兰 世俗社会的人来说,这种天主教盛典 But for many in secular England today, this Catholic pageantry
就像来自外星球一般 还有可能来自令人恐惧的世界 comes from an alien and perhaps rather frightening world.
这种头巾也许暗示着对言论自由的压制 All these hoods might suggest the stifling of free expression.
显示出天主教信仰的专横一面 The tyranny of Catholic belief.
被广为接受的常识是,在天主教教会 The received wisdom is that when the Catholic Church
丧失了对英格兰的钳制以后 lost its grip on England,
开明的价值观念随之活跃开来 so more enlightened values began to flourish.
从那时起,英国人就变得越发宽容了 That's when the English started to become a more tolerant nation.
这个进程是从宗教改革发端的 And this process is seen as beginning with the Reformation.
1534年,教皇和亨利八世闹得不可开交 In 1534 the Pope and Henry VIII fell out spectacularly.
亨利想让教皇判决他的第一次婚姻无效 Over the annulment of Henry's first marriage.
英格兰打算和教皇决裂 England was going to break with Rome.
这些天主教意味浓郁的场面 来得快去得也快 And all this Catholic drama would disappear as if it had never been.
塑像被捣毁,所有的圣物要烧掉 The statues destroyed, all the holy objects burnt.
英国历史上有着千年传统的天主教 即将被人们抛弃 A thousand years of English history was going to be junked.
这场宗教改革是个转折点,我很赞同 I agree that this Reformation was a watershed.
这样一来,英国人最终变得越来越宽容 And that the English eventually did become more tolerant.
不过据推测,这并非因为 But it had nothing to do with supposedly more noble,
人们的价值观念 变得更高尚,更世俗 secular values.
恰恰相反 Quite the contrary.
宽容之路和宗教有着千丝万缕的联系 The road to tolerance is entirely tangled up with religion.
新教改革实际上 衍生出一种新的宗教恐惧 The Protestant reformation actually unleashed a new religious fear.
这次要轮到天主教徒了 This time of Catholics.
有意思的是,正是这类人最早促使 And the funny thing is that's what first pushed the English
英国人提升了自身的宽容性 towards becoming a more tolerant people.
伦敦汉普顿宫
这是亨利八世最喜爱的宫殿之一 Here at one of Henry VIII's favourite palaces,
你可以体验到他是如何开始 对天主教产生憎恶心理的 you can get a taste of just how this hatred of Catholicism began.
走道的一头挂着一幅令人毛骨悚然 不忍直视的图画 In one of the corridors is a chillingly brutal image.
为接下来四个世纪的英国历史 奠定了宗教基调 Which set the tone for the next four centuries of English history.
教皇保罗三世开除亨利的教籍没多久 King Henry commissioned this picture
亨利就托人制作了这幅画 soon after he'd been excommunicated by Pope Paul III,
亨利将他的愤怒 都包含在强烈的讽喻之中了 and it's a real distillation of his rage into an allegory.
这就是象征 A set of symbols.
画中的暴力行为非常奇特 The violence in this painting is extraordinary.
请看,教皇都快死了 There, the Pope is actually dying.
他被人踩在脚下 He's being trampled underfoot.
人们举着石头将他往死里砸 He's being stoned to death,
但我感到最惊讶的是 but I think the most surprising,
这幅画实际上最叫人震惊的地方 in fact, shocking aspect of the painting is that the stones
就是砸教皇的石头上都刻着标记 with which the Pope is being killed are labelled.
上面刻着<福音书>作者的名字 They're labelled with the names of the gospel writers.
马太 There's Matthew,
路加 Luke,
马可 Mark,
还有约翰 and John.
因此,真正的宗教发威了 它要杀死上帝的敌人-教皇 So, the weight of true religion is killing the enemy of God, the Pope.
亨利八世统治早期 Early in Henry's reign,
教皇表彰他为信仰卫士 the Pope had honoured him as defender of the faith.
天主教信仰 The Catholic faith.
这幅画表明了他离经叛道的程度 This painting shows how far he'd strayed from that role.
这是妖魔化天主教的第一步 It was the first step in a process of demonisation of Catholics,
对英国人迈向宽容之路 which had far reaching consequences
具有极其深远的影响 for the English journey towards toleration.
亨利八世与罗马决裂了 他的儿子爱德华六世 Henry had broken with the Rome, but his son Edward opened the doors
对欧洲新式基督教敞开了大门 to Europe's new form of Christianity,
即新教 Protestantism.
可是爱德华在16岁时就过早离世 But Edward died prematurely, at the age of 16,
他同父异母的姐姐玛丽登上了王位 and his half sister, Mary, seized the throne.
她是一名忠实的天主教徒 She was still a loyal Catholic.
对爱德华倡导的新教改革非常愤怒 And enraged by Edward's Protestant Reformation,
她发动了一场来势汹汹的 宗教迫害运动 she launched a violent campaign of persecution.
在三年半的时间里 In three and a half years,
她下令处决了300多名新教异端分子 she had over 300 Protestants executed for heresy.
有人抓住机会记录下了这场暴行 One man grasped the opportunity to record the atrocities.
这就是福克斯的<殉道者名录> This is Fox's Book of Martyrs.
它记录下了新教徒遭受火刑的历史 A record of the burnings of Protestants.
人们对于天主教的恐惧 Which began to push the fear of Catholicism out of the palaces
从宫廷里蔓延到了英格兰的各个教区 and into the parishes of England.
本书的作者 The author of this book
叫约翰.福克斯,一位新教教士 was John Fox, a Protestant clergyman
他在玛丽一世女王统治期间逃亡国外 who had to flee abroad under Queen Mary.
他在国外流亡期间,就着手收集 While he was in exile, abroad, he started collecting stories
当时那些遭受火刑的人士的事迹 of the people who work being burnt at that time.
他写的东西成了畅销书 在一定程度上和此类插图有关 It became a bestseller, partly because of pictures like these.
我认为这真是骇人听闻 I think this is one of the most horrific.
三个人里面还有一名孕妇 It's three people, and one of them is a pregnant woman.
她被绑在火刑柱上 孩子都生出来了 She's tied to the stake and she is giving birth,
我们从记述里得知 她的孩子也被扔进了火里 we know from the story that her baby was then thrown back into the fire.
烧死殉道者的记述 The stories of the burning martyrs
激起了新教徒心中仇恨的怒火 fanned equal flames of Protestant hatred.
天主教露出了狰狞的面目 无情,暴虐,残酷 Catholicism was shown as pitiless, tyrannous and cruel.
玛丽死了之后,英格兰又正式 成为了新教国家 When Mary died, England officially became Protestant once more,
接受伊丽莎白一世的统治 under Elizabeth I.
政府下命,将福克斯的著作 Across the country, Fox's book was placed in churches,
和<圣经><公祷书>一起 alongside the Bible and the book of Common prayer,
放在全国各地的教堂里供人阅览 by government order.
对于天主教的恐惧 Fear of Catholicism
慢慢渗透进了国家意识之中 was beginning to seep into the national consciousness.
钉死天主教棺盖的人是伊丽莎白 The real nail in the Catholic Coffin came during Elizabeth's reign.
是教皇的一纸训令将那些天主教徒 When a papal order transformed them
完完全全地变成了国家的公敌 into full-blown enemies of the state.
伦敦塔
16世纪的英格兰,这是个令人生畏的地方 In 16th century England, this was a place of terror.
1570年,教皇革除了伊丽莎白女王的教籍 In 1570, the Pope excommunicated Queen Elizabeth.
不管英国的天主教徒对她及她颁布的法令 如何忠诚,教皇都赦免了他们的罪行 Absolving English Catholics from any loyalty to her and her laws.
这就让普通的天主教徒 也成了潜在的叛国者 It was a moment which cast ordinary Catholics as potential traitors.
这里羁押的犯人被控犯有叛国罪 And this was where those accused of treason were held.
这就是牢房 Well, this is a prison cell,
不过这个牢房还挺奢华的 but as you can see it's quite a luxury prison cell.
有壁炉,有窗子 It's got a fireplace, it's got windows.
一看就知道是关押高级囚犯 That tells you straight away this was for high status prisoners,
和危险人物的地方 dangerous people.
还有那些图谋行刺女王的犯人 Attempted poisoners of the Queen, assassins.
仔细看墙上,可以看到天主教的铭文 When you look closely at the walls, you can see Catholic inscriptions.
是那些被囚禁于此的犯人刻的 Carved by those who were locked up here.
我想,天主教徒很可能 自认为这种攻势是理所当然的 Now, I think Catholics may well find this offensive and rightly so,
但如果叫我说 在伊丽莎白政府的眼里 but if I say the Elizabethan government thought of these
那些人就是"基地"组织的同类 他们是恐怖分子 people like Al Qaeda, they are terrorists.
他们是王权最大的潜在威胁 And they are the worst possible danger to the Crown.
如果羁押在此的天主教徒脱不开嫌疑 If a Catholic was held here under suspicion,
他就知道自己要倒霉了 he knew what fate awaited him.
审问,拷打 Interrogation, torture.
他们最终会被吊死,拖出去五马分尸 And, at the end of it all, hanging, drawing and quartering.
"火药阴谋案"的暴露充分证明了 English suspicions of Catholic treachery were amply confirmed
英国人对于天主教谋反行为的怀疑 by conspiracies like The Gunpowder Plot.
这场转变很有戏剧性 It was a dramatic turnaround,
亨利八世,福克斯的<殉道者名录> Henry VIII, Fox's Book of Martyrs,
还有伊丽莎白的当政 极大程度上影响着 and the reign of Elizabeth had a devastating effect
英国人对于天主教的看法 on how the English viewed Catholicism.
一代人的工夫,天主教从 Within a generation it changed
英格兰人唯一笃信的宗教 from being the only religion tolerated in England,
变成了魔鬼的宗教 to being the religion of the devil.
接下去的300年里 天主教的势力 For the next 300 years, Catholics would be excluded
在社会的各个层面遭到排斥 from all positions of power,
天主教徒如果不在 新教教堂里做礼拜,就要罚他们的款 fined if they refuse to worship in Protestant churches,
还经常会受到极度的怀疑 and often treated with the utmost suspicion.
但是有件事很奇怪 But here's the strange thing,
那就是新教的宗教偏执性 it was this Protestant religious bigotry
最先让英国人严肃思考了 which first got the English seriously thinking about
保持宽容的可能性 the very possibility of tolerance.
随之而来的一场血腥的宗教冲突 And it all happened in the wake of a bloody religious conflict...
差点让英格兰分崩离析 ..that ripped England apart.
这座建筑见证了1642年的风风雨雨 This building still bears witness to the reasons behind England's descent
英格兰卷入了一场内战 into civil war in 1642.
伦敦萨默赛特宫
对18世纪的公务员来说 如今的萨默赛特宫 The present Somerset House is essentially a very grand office block
基本上就是一座宏伟的办公大楼 for 18th century civil servants,
但它的前身是一座真正的王后寝宫 but its predecessor was a real Royal palace for the wives of kings.
在这个大院子的下面 And below this great courtyard,
一位斯图亚特家族的王后 留下了她的印记 one Stuart Queen in particular has left her mark.
现在我们把这儿叫做"死亡之屋" Now this is called the Dead House,
因为它实际上造在了一座墓地的上方 because it's actually built over the site of a graveyard
有的墓碑还在,嵌在墙里了 and some of the gravestones are still here, built into the walls.
有些奇怪的地方立即引起了我的注意 What strikes me straight away is that there is something very strange about this.
这名女士卒于1633年 可还有某个天主教徒为她祷告 This lady died in 1633 and yet she has a Catholic prayer for the dead.
"为她的灵魂向上帝祈祷" "Pray God for her soul."
在当时的英格兰,表达天主教信仰 Now, it was illegal to practice your catholic faith
是违法的,可是在这儿 in England at the time and yet here,
一块天主教墓碑竟然出现在 信仰新教君主的宫殿里 are Catholic gravestones in a palace owned by a Protestant monarch.
我们要说的是国王查理一世 The King in question was Charles I.
那个女人是他的妻子 亨利埃塔.玛丽亚 And it was his wife, Henrietta Maria,
是她在这儿建了这些坟墓 who caused these graves to be here.
亨利埃塔.玛丽亚是个 法国天主教徒,在她的宫廷里 Henrietta Maria was a French Catholic and at her court,
罗马天主教公然流行 Roman Catholicism was openly practised.
1630年,她托人在这里 In 1630, she commissioned a Roman Catholic chapel
造了一座罗马天主教式的葬礼祈祷间 to be built on this spot,
那时只有她这么做是合法的 the only one to have a legal existence in England at the time.
她的家族都葬在此地 这些就是最后的遗迹 Members of her household were buried here and these are the last traces.
这种天主教的小小特许权 It was small concessions to Catholicism like these
最终使查理一世付出了生命的代价 that ultimately cost Charles his life.
查理一世的大多数臣民 The vast majority of Charles' subjects
认为他对天主教的纵容非常危险 saw him as dangerously soft on Catholics.
"火药阴谋案"证明不能信任罗马天主教徒 The gunpowder plot showed you couldn't trust Roman Catholics.
而现在,国王不仅娶了天主教徒为妻 Now, here was the king, not just married to one,
而且还允许她公然地表达自己的信仰 but allowing her to practice her faith in public.
新教徒们都群情激奋了 All good Protestants snarled.
爱尔兰天主教徒在本国 对新教徒实施大屠杀之后 And when Irish Catholics massacred Protestants in Ireland,
这些看着福克斯<殉道者名录> 成长起来的新教徒 these godly men, brought up on Fox's book of martyrs,
不相信国王能把叛乱镇压下去 wouldn't trust the King to put the rebellion down.
因此内战就爆发了 So civil war broke out.
查理打了败仗 Charles was defeated
以危及本国新教的罪名被判处死刑 and put to death for endangering the Protestantism of this nation.
将军奥利弗.克伦威尔横空出世 Out of the chaos, one general, Oliver Cromwell,
用铁腕手段统治了这片国土 was left ruling these lands.
这场内战令人匪夷所思 Yet the war led the English to think the un-thinkable.
它无意间开启了英吉利民族 关于宽容问题争论的先河 It inadvertently opened up the first national debate about toleration.
我造访了历史学家 亚历山大.沃尔沙姆来探讨原因 I met up with the historian Alexandra Walsham to talk about why.
亚力克斯,内战是各种 对立的互不宽容的 Alex, it's odd isn't it that this civil war period
意识形态之间的冲突 这是不是很奇怪? is the clash of opposing intolerant ideologies?
然而在一切都消停之后 我们对宽容有了更多的看法 And yet at the end of it all, we've got much more of an idea of toleration.
我们该怎么来认识呢? How do we get to that?
英国卷入内战的结果之一 One of the consequences of the descent into civil war
就是控制权的崩溃,以往折磨,镇压 is the breakdown of control, the collapse of institutions
宗教异议人士的制度 that had been responsible for harassing and repressing
都土崩瓦解了 religious dissenters in the past.
新闻审查制度 And there's been a total collapse
都全部垮台了 of the mechanisms of press censorship,
人们进入了权力真空时代 一股激进的宗派洪流显露头角 and into the vacuum of power, has emerged a flood of radical sects
开始明确表述自己的理念 that have begun to articulate ideas
他们的行为完全震惊了同时代的保守派 and to behave in ways that completely horrify their conservative contemporaries.
比如教友派之类的团体 Groups like the Quakers,
他们相信,照亮他们灵魂的 是内在的灵光 who believe that the inner light that illuminates them
它比<圣经>还有喧嚣派之类的团体还要好 is superior to the Bible and the groups such as the Ranters,
喧嚣派认为,道义上的清规戒律 不再适用于他们了 whose view is that the moral law no longer applies to them.
这样一来,激进派忽然之间 就能坦露自己的心声了? So they can say the un-sayable suddenly?
这真叫人兴奋,不是吗? And I guess this is exciting, isn't it?
绝对如此,从某种意义上说 人们可以毫不含糊地表达新观念了 Absolutely yes, and it's in a sense that capacity for people
这种内在的动能允许他们 to articulate new ideas that allows calls for toleration
公开地表达自己的信仰自由 to be brought into the public domain.
尽管有很多意见令人反感 With all these horrifying opinions around,
人们为何还把宽容看做是一项美德呢? why would tolerance be considered a virtue?
当然啦,宽容一直被人们视作 Toleration, of course, had hitherto been regarded
解决社会混乱,无政府状态的处方 as a recipe for social chaos, for political anarchy,
但是随着时间的流逝 人们开始认识到 but over time, people come to realise
老天不会塌下来 that the sky is not going to fall in
有的人逐渐接受这种观点 and some people are coming round to the view that toleration
那就是,宽容也许是解决 宗教多元化问题的良方 may be a better solution to the problem of religious pluralism
它比处心积虑地去迫害异教徒要好得多 than the attempt to persecute religious dissent out of existence.
内战开创了一种新的氛围 The civil war had created a new climate.
在英国历史上,英国人破天荒地可以 For the first time in their history,
公开表露宽容的理念了 the English could openly voice ideas about tolerance.
这场内战还开创了一个不同寻常的先例 And the war also set another remarkable precedent.
1657年,奥利弗.克伦威尔 In 1657, this Jewish graveyard
下令开放了这片犹太人墓地 was opened on the orders of Oliver Cromwell...
随后,他还做出了一个重大的决定 ..following a radical decision.
尽管遭到身边的亲信竭力反对 Against the advice of his closest councillors,
克伦威尔还是决定重新接纳犹太人 he decided to re-admit the Jews
所以在被驱除了366年之后 犹太人又回到了英国 and so they came back, after an absence of 366 years.
这个时刻值得英国人为之骄傲 It's a moment the English are proud of,
他们迈向了造就 多元化信仰社会的第一步 their first step towards creating a multi-faith society.
不过,这和开明主义的 信奉多样化几乎没什么关系 But it had little to do with an enlightened commitment to diversity
一切都与克伦威尔 固执的基督教信仰有关 and everything to do with Cromwell's obsessive Christian beliefs.
他对世界末日之说深信不疑 He was convinced that the end of the world,
他认为<圣经>里预言的世界末日迫在眉睫 the last days predicted in the Bible, were just around the corner.
犹太人回来了,邪恶之徒将受审 Jesus would come again, the wicked would be judged.
但是克伦威尔也清楚 在世界末日降临之前 But Cromwell also knew that one thing needed to be in place
有件事必须先落实 before the last days were ushered in.
根据经文,为了迎接基督的再次降临 According to scripture, for Christ to come again,
犹太人必须生活在世界的四个角落 the Jews had to be living in all four corners of the world.
其中也包括英格兰 And that included England.
克伦威尔渴望耶稣早日显灵 It was Cromwell's longing to speed up the return of Jesus
所以他才决定让犹太人回归英国 which was behind his decision to let them back in,
他根本没想到要充当自由主义的守护神 not a nice piece of Guardian-reading liberalism at all.
17世纪里,回归的不仅仅是犹太人 The 17th century didn't just see the return of the Jews.
持新教信仰的异教徒 如教友会教徒,浸礼会教徒,喧嚣派教徒 Protestant dissenters, like Quakers, Baptists and Ranters,
听说他们也回归了 were now being heard.
但他们仍属非法 But they were still illegal.
一项重大的议会法案 将改变这种现状 That was about to change in a great Act of Parliament,
这是由英国人对于 天主教的恐惧再次触发的 triggered once again by English terror of Catholics.
大家请站在链子后面 Everybody behind the chains, please!
克伦威尔的新教统治没有持续多久 Cromwell's Protestant rule had been short-lived,
1660年,君主政体复辟了 and in 1660, the monarchy was re-instated.
1685年,詹姆斯二世登基了 In 1685, James II came to the throne.
他改宗天主教 He was a convert to Catholicism
决心提高英国天主教徒的地位 and determined to improve the lot of English Catholics.
这就意味着,在排斥天主教一个世纪之后 What this meant in practice was that he began to introduce Catholics
他准备将天主教引进到军队和大学里 into the army and universities, after a century of exclusion.
他开始在伦敦和全国的政府机构里 And he began to put his supporters into positions of power
安插他的同党 in local and national government.
显然他是给天主教徒 在政治生活中争取平等的地位 The obvious aim was equality for his fellow Catholics in national life.
詹姆斯笃信宗教信仰自由 James really believed in religious toleration.
在某次标新立异的演说里 In a remarkable speech,
他曾经说,憎恨基督徒里的异议人士 就和憎恨黑人那样 he said it made as little sense to hate people of differing Christian beliefs
是没有一点意义的 as it did to hate a black man.
英国人愤怒了,詹姆斯必须下台 Anglicans fumed. He must be stopped.
政客们写信给詹姆斯的女婿 Politicians wrote to the Dutch Prince, William of Orange,
信仰新教的荷兰奥良治亲王威廉 来英国插手此事... Protestant son in law to James, asking him to intervene...
...拯救信仰新教的英国 ...and save Protestant England.
五个月以后,他们的祈祷有了回应 Five months later, their prayers were answered.
一位荷兰君主率军队登陆海岸 A Dutch monarch invaded on these shores.
这就是著名的"光荣革命" It's become known as the Glorious Revolution.
詹姆斯二世逃亡海外 James II fled abroad.
新教统治集团恨透了天主教徒 The Protestant hierarchy so hated Catholics,
他们宁可忍受外国势力的入侵 that they'd rather suffer a foreign invasion
也不愿臣服一个本土的天主教国王 than have a home-grown Papist King.
这起事件对新教异议人士意义重大 And this event had huge implications for Protestant dissenters,
他们倾其全力支持了这场英国革命 who'd eventually lent their support to this Anglican revolution.
全体新教徒该联合起来了 This was a moment of unity for all Protestants,
比如国教徒和其他教派 Anglicans and dissenters alike.
其他教派要求回报 The dissenters demanded a reward.
新国王威廉和王后玛丽颁布的法律 And what they got from the new King William and the new Queen Mary
终于给了所有的新教教派以合法地位 was a law finally legalising all Protestant denominations.
这就是<宽容法案> It was known as The Act of Toleration.
原始文本保存在这儿-议会档案馆 And the original is kept here, in the Parliamentary Archives.
威斯敏斯特宫维多利亚塔
这里有全部的议会法案 从1497年起就建档了 We have every Act of Parliament in here, dating from 1497.
这部法案源于对英国国教的极度渴望 This was an act borne out of the sheer hunger of the Church of England,
目的是为了从信仰 天主教国王的手中攫取权力 to cling to power in the face of a Catholic King.
哦,找到了,这就是<宽容法案> Ah. Here we are. Here's the Act of Toleration.
和其他文件比起来尺寸很小,是的 It's quite small. Compared with some of them, yes. Compared with some.
一点都不大,我们来看看 Yes, it's not one of our bigger ones. Let's have a look at it. OK.
但是法案背后的动机 是错综复杂的 But while the motives behind the act were decidedly mixed...
我来解绳子 I'll just take the tie off for you.
...在英国人的宽容史上,人们一直称颂 这部法案具有决定性的作用 ...It's always been hailed as a defining moment in the story of English tolerance.
好了,你一个人慢慢看吧,谢谢 OK, I'll leave you to have a look at that then. Thank you,
我们从标题切入吧 so we've got the title straight away, "An Act
免除陛下之英国国教以外的 "for Exempting their Majesties' Protestant subjects
新教臣民受到特定法律 "dissenting from the Church of England,
惩处的法案 "from the penalties of certain laws."
现在,我们把它打开... Now, we open it up...
哦,请看这一段,写得很好 Ah, now here you see the phrase, lovely phrase,
"在宗教实践中,要给予正直的信仰以某种宽松" "Some ease to scrupulous consciences in the exercise of religion."
这部法案要阐明的是 如教友派或者浸礼会 What this act is saying is that dissenting bodies,
之类的宗教上的不同派别 不会再面临任何危险 like Quakers or Baptists were no longer in any danger
不会因信仰不同而进监狱 更进一步的是 of going to prison for their beliefs and better than that,
如果他们信仰了某些特定的基督派别 if they signed up to certain specified Christian beliefs,
他们可以在自己的场所 自由地进行礼拜活动 then they could worship freely in their own buildings.
所以,这部<宽容法案>就显得 具有非常重要的象征意义 So this really does look like a very significant act of toleration.
但是表象也会误导人们 But looks can be deceiving.
很多异议人士想从 英国国教那里得到更多的权利 Many dissenters had wanted much more from the Anglicans.
希望国家教会能进一步接纳他们 To be welcomed into a broad national church.
他们勉强得到了宽容 All they got was grudging toleration.
他们的权利仅在于有了自己的礼拜场所 The right to their own places of worship.
还有很多团体,法案根本没有承认 And there were many groups the Act failed to acknowledge at all.
18世纪之初 At the start of the 18th century,
英格兰的无神论者,异教徒,天主教徒 atheists, heretics and Catholics in England
仍然会因为信仰问题而被监禁 all still faced imprisonment for their beliefs.
英格兰接下去的宽容之路 驱动力又何在呢? So what drove England's next move towards tolerance?
嗯,这有点错综复杂了 贪欲,权力,宗教,兼而有之 Well, it was a tangle of motives. Greed, power and religion.
上帝还在塑造着英国人 God was still making the English.
1707年,信仰新教的英格兰和苏格兰 In 1707, Protestant England and Scotland
联合而成"大不列颠" united to create Great Britain.
它们一起缔造了一个世界性的帝国 Together, they forged a world wide empire.
没有比这支五彩斑斓的骑兵队 And nothing brings back the memory of colonial expansion
更能勾起人们对于 殖民扩张时代的久远回忆 more than this, the trooping of the colour.
这一幕让人惊叹 六月的清晨有点湿冷 This is extraordinary. Here I am on a cold, wet, June morning,
这个国家里,一场盛典正在进行 watching some of the greatest pageantry that we do in this country.
英国式的,帝国式的 你还想要怎么样的呢? English, Imperial. What more could you want?
对其他文化和信仰来说 The Empire's often seen as a symbol of intolerance
帝国通常是一种不宽容的象征 of other cultures and beliefs.
不过事实上,正是帝国的扩张 But, in fact, it was this Imperial expansion
首次见证了英国人对于宗教信仰 that saw the British embrace the idea of full scale religious freedom
自由理念的全面接纳 for the first time.
对很多英国基督徒来说 他们的目标就是在这些新征服的土地上 劝人改变宗教信仰 For many British Christians, these newly conquered lands were the ideal hunting ground for conversions.
大英帝国扩张了 英国国教也希望随之扩张 When the British Empire expanded, the Church of England expected to expand too.
以前有很多人打算 让全世界都改宗英国国教 There were lots of people ready to convert the world to Anglicanism.
可是事与愿违 But it didn't work out like that.
事实上,这个让其他民族 改宗新教信仰的使命注定要失败 In fact, this mission to convert other nations to the Protestant faith was doomed to failure.
英国人需要不断求索 And the British were forced yet further on the road
才能在宽容问题上更进一步 to becoming a more tolerant nation.
首先受益的是那些背叛国家的人 And the first to benefit, were those traitors to the state,
天主教徒 the Catholics.
沃里克郡寇顿庄园
没有别的建筑更能比这一幢 There's no house that better encapsulates
概括出英国天主教徒的命运了 the fortunes of English Catholics than this one.
从1409年起,思罗克莫顿一家就住在这里 Since 1409, it's been the home of the Throckmortons,
它是英格兰最古老的天主教家族之一 one of the oldest Catholic families in England.
通过这个家族的沉浮史就能探究出 And it's through this one family history that you can trace
天主教是如何 重新回归英国社会的怀抱的 how Catholicism was re-integrated into English society.
宗教改革之前,思罗克莫顿家族 是拥有大量土地的贵族阶层 Before the Reformation, the Throckmortons were landed gentry,
是国王的朋友,到了都铎时代 他们家族中的许多人拒绝放弃天主教信仰 friends of kings. Then, in the Tudor age, many of them they refused to give up their Catholic faith
突然间,他们成了弃儿 and suddenly they were outcasts,
经常以谋反或其他的罪名 被羁押于伦敦塔 frequent visitors to the Tower of London with some conspiracy or another,
很不幸地被牵连进了"火药阴谋案" fatally involved with the Gunpowder plot.
但是在18和19世纪 But in the 18th and 19th century, this family who'd been seen
这个曾被视为宗教恐怖分子的家族 as religious terrorists were to be welcomed back
又重新受到了英国当权派的接纳 into the English establishment.
在这个大厅里可以看到变化的迹象 And here in the saloon is the evidence of that transformation
以及是如何发生的 and how it came about.
这里有件叫人高兴的事 这是1831年的<泰晤士报> Now here's a happy story. It's from the Times of 1831.
上面登了伯克郡的选举结果 And it's the result of the Berkshire election.
罗伯特.思罗克莫顿爵士 第八代准男爵,刚被选为下院议员 And sir Robert Throckmorton, 8th Baronet, has just been elected MP.
从消息见报时算起,罗马天主教徒 不得担任公职已经有250年之久了 Now, for 250 years, no Roman Catholics had been allowed to take public office.
而现在罗伯特爵士许下了忠诚誓言 But now Sir Robert took the oath of allegiance,
在下议院占有了一席之地 他是宗教改革以来的第一位罗马天主教徒 and took his seat in the House of Commons, the First Roman Catholic since the Reformation.
这个家族从暴力性的颠覆分子 The family had gone from violent subversives
回归了统治阶层的怀抱 back to members of the ruling elite.
这是一个了不起的惊人转变 It was a remarkable turnaround.
思罗克莫顿家族本身 也付出了很多努力才得以实现 And the Throckmortons themselves had done much to make it happen.
从18世纪后期开始 他们就开始了游说活动 From the late 1700s, they'd lobbied to change the perceptions
来改变人们对其家族的看法 of the powers that be.
他们打消了新教政客们的疑虑 They reassured anxious Protestant politicians
声称尽管天主教徒 在信仰问题上唯教皇之命是从 that although Catholics listened to the Pope on matters of faith,
但他们绝对会忠于王权 这点是毋庸置疑的 there was no question that they were anything less than loyal subjects of the crown.
因此,英国国内的政治压力缓和了 So there was gentle political pressure at home,
但随着大英帝国的扩张 又有一个重要的现实问题产生了 but just as important was the plain fact of the growth of the British Empire.
英国人首先征服了 地中海的梅诺卡岛,然后是加拿大 First the British conquered Menorca in the Mediterranean, then Canada.
这些地方的人基本上都是罗马天主教徒 Now the population of these places was solidly Roman Catholic
准确地说,统治阶层就是罗马天主教徒 but, more to the point, the ruling classes were Roman Catholic
他们会为了固守信仰而不惜一战 and they were not going to give up their religion without a fight.
因此摆在英国人面前的选择 是再清楚不过的了 So the British had a plain choice.
要么放弃占领区,要么宽容罗马天主教 Either lose their conquests or tolerate Roman Catholicism.
他们说变就变,宽容了罗马天主教 And, hey presto, they tolerated Roman Catholicism
大英帝国的疆土上,宗教信仰自由 and religious freedom came to the British dominions
开始初露曙光 for the first time.
政府也许是乐意宽容天主教的 The Government might be happy to tolerate Catholics
但是民众呢? but what about the people?
只要一想起天主教 他们便充满了逆反心理 They'd been fiercely anti-Rome for as long as they could remember.
法国大革命最终打破了这种均衡 It was the French Revolution that finally tipped the balance.
天主教难民涌入英格兰 他们害怕成为断头台上的冤魂 Catholic refugees flooded into England to escape the guillotine.
悲天悯人的情怀替代了恐怖行为 Pity replaced terror.
现在的英国人不害怕天主教的回潮 他们担心的是外国革命对其本国的影响 The English now feared foreign revolution more than Catholic uprising.
1792年,政府终于允许天主教 自由地进行礼拜活动了 In 1792, Catholics were finally allowed to worship freely.
从1829年起,他们再次可以 And from 1829, they were once again able to take
光明正大地参与社会生活了 a full role in public life.
后来,像这样的"神父洞"就显得多余了 Priest holes like this were at last redundant.
对伊丽莎白时代非法的 天主教传教士们来说 Coughton Court, which had been a safe house
寇顿庄园曾是他们的避难所 for illegal Catholic missionaries in the time of Elizabeth,
在英国内战期间 被圆颅党人强行征用 commandeered by Roundhead armies in the civil war,
在"光荣革命"时期 被反天主教的激进分子洗劫一空 sacked by anti-Catholic rioters in the glorious revolution,
现在终于可以喘一口气了 could finally relax.
这可是里程碑式的大事 It was a milestone.
到19世纪中叶 By the mid 19th century,
英国人已经可以自豪地宣称 他们实现了对宗教多元化的宽容 the British could proudly claim to be tolerant of religious diversity.
至少是对基督教多元化的宽容 Well, Christian diversity anyway.
大英帝国的扩张不仅没有 The expansion of the British Empire didn't only challenge British ideas
挑战英国人宽容天主教的理念 about toleration of Catholics.
而且,当英国新教徒踏上印度的国土时 As the Protestant Brits arrived in India,
他们还受到了不同宗教人士的热烈欢迎 they were greeted by an explosion of different religions.
印度教徒,锡克教徒,穆斯林 看起来都准备要改宗一样 Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims seemed ripe for conversion.
因此在19世纪早期 So in the early 19th century,
传教士们成群结队地涌向印度 missionaries descended on India in droves.
可敬的东印度公司 英国人统治印度的实体机构 The Honourable East India Company, the ruling British body in India,
它和传教士的活动息息相关 was the focus for much of this missionary activity.
我来尝一口 So we just take a sip?
只有亲口品尝才会 觉得没有那么难喝 Nothing so vulgar as lifting it to your lips.
我遇到了品茶师威廉.达尔林普尔 I met up with William Dalrymple for a tea tasting
他来自南亚次大陆,我们要一起 讨论一下宗教冲突对印度的影响 from the sub-Continent, to discuss the effect of this clash of religions in India.'
事件的背景要追溯到19世纪早期 Well, the background to this is that by the early 19th century
那时出现了大量传教士 you were beginning to get missionaries turn up.
他们抱着一种观念 And alongside that comes the notion that God has given
上帝是为了让他们传播真正的宗教 才给了英国人这样一个广阔的帝国 the British their Empire in order that they can spread the one true religion,
那就是他们心目中的圣公会新教 which, in their minds, is Protestant Anglicanism.
你其实想说某些灾难性的事情 So you're actually going to get something really rather disastrous
会因此而产生是吗? happening out of this?
确实,某些灾难性的事件很快就发生了 Indeed something very disastrous does happen very quickly.
正是此类事件激怒了印度人 It's this that angers Indians
他们一直担心被迫改宗 who are worried about forcible conversion,
这事确实在一小部分 激进的福音派教徒中 which is indeed being discussed
引起了不休的争论 among a small minority of extreme evangelicals.
后来,印度就爆发了大暴动 And you have the great explosion against that happening
即1857年的反英大起义 我们是这样称呼它的,在不列颠 in 1857 at the uprising that we call here, in Britain, still,
还是被称作"印度叛乱" 但是在印度,人们一直称之为 "第一次独立战争" the Indian Mutiny, but which in India has long been known as the First War of Independence.
那么这是一场宗教战争吗? So this is a religious war?
当然,对于德里这样的中心区域来说 它就完全成了宗教性质的了 Certainly in the main centres such as Delhi, the rhetoric is almost entirely religious.
最叫人吃惊的是,当你读到1857年 随军牧师们在报告里使用的言辞时 And what's most astonishing when you read the accounts of the padres and the regimental Chaplains,
你就会觉得那是多么的残暴 in 1857, is this astonishingly violent language they use.
而现在,我们都认为基督教 是一种人际间的交流方式 We, today, are brought to think Christianity as being a language of reconciliation
它体现了和谐,和平和兄弟般的情谊 而在19世纪,却根本不是那么回事 and peace and brotherhood. In the 19th century, there's not a whiff of that.
1857年的时候,基督教 带给我们的只有以血还血 In 1857, Christianity's all about blood for blood
尼尔,这个狂热的将军 And General Neil, who's this evangelical general,
他组织了基督徒参与 大规模的种族灭绝行动 who's organising wholesale Christian genocide,
说自己的军队注定是 上帝派来的复仇天使 saying that we must be God's avenging angels.
所以,基督教在当时的人们眼里 就成了一股好斗的力量 And so Christianity's seen as a militant force
折射出了一个残忍 and reflects a genuinely bloody
类似"基地组织"的 <圣经.旧约>里复仇心强的上帝形象 Al-Qaeda/Old Testament vengeful God.
1857年的起义唤醒了迷梦中的英国人 The uprising of 1857 was a wake up call for the British.
这场由基督徒带给印度的灾难 And the disastrous Christian mission to India
对官方在宗教宽容性上的态度 had a huge and unexpected impact on the nation's official attitude
产生了巨大和意想不到的影响 to religious toleration.
维多利亚女王敕令印度政府 The government in India was instructed by Queen Victoria
避免去干涉 to abstain from any interference
任何臣民的信仰或者礼拜活动 with the belief or worship of any of our subjects.
在国内,它开创了一个崭新的时代 And back home, it ushered in a new era
人们对其他信仰的接受程度 变得更加宽泛了 of much greater acceptance of other faiths.
这里是布莱顿穹顶宫 Here at Brighton Pavilion,
它就可以证明这种变化的意义有多么重大 there's evidence of just how far-reaching that change was.
穹顶宫的设计出了名的傻 The Pavilion is the famously silly
是一所富丽堂皇的 乔治王时代的海滨隐居处 and deliciously extravagant Georgian seaside retreat,
由摄政王乔治四世兴建 created by the Prince Regent.
但是一个世纪之后 它在第一次世界大战中 But a century later it played a much more serious
扮演了一个更为严肃和令人称赞的角色 and rather admirable role in the First World War.
穹顶宫变成了一所医院 The Pavilion was converted into a hospital.
1914至1916年间,这里照料的伤员 And between 1914 and 1916, it was used for troops from the Indian Army
都是为大英帝国服役的印度士兵 who'd been injured while fighting for the British.
新兵的宗教信仰五花八门 Recruits came from across India's religious divides.
不列颠人在医院里的善举 说明它已经吸取了 And Britain saw in this hospital a way of showing it had learnt
之前过度传教的教训 the lessons from the excesses of its missionary activities.
这支军队对于宗教 以及种姓制度的尊崇之情 The army went to incredible lengths
达到了惊人的千方百计的程度 to respect religious and caste sensibilities.
比如在环境卫生以及食品置备方面 In sanitation, food preparation.
所以在病区里 供穆斯林和印度人饮用的水都要分开 So there were separate water supplies for Muslims and Hindus on the wards.
公共厕所和浴室也要分开 Separate latrines, bathrooms,
给穆斯林预备的厨房不少于九个 and no fewer than nine kitchens for Muslims,
有些印度人吃肉 有些印度人则是素食者 meat eating Hindus, vegetarian Hindus.
想尽一切办法来取悦各种信仰 Everything intended to keep all the faiths happy.
给印度人和穆斯林准备肉食 一定要小心谨慎 The meat for Hindu and Muslim meals was scrupulously prepared.
沿街不远,就是布莱顿最早的一家清真肉铺 Just down the road was Brighton's first halal butcher.
另外,最大的变化也许就是 当局对于基督教传教士们的态度了 But perhaps the biggest change was in the attitude of the authorities
这些人企图在福音主义的掩护下 强行闯入用作医院的穹顶宫 to Christian missionaries who tried to storm the Pavilion with their Evangelism.
在一份呈送陆军部的报告里 In a report to the War Office,
国王委派的专门负责 印度军队福利的专员这样写道 the King's Commissioner for the welfare of Indian troops
"我已经目睹福音在穹顶宫里起到的转变作用" wrote that he had seen "translations of the gospels at the Pavilion"
"我还是下令,绝对不允许那些人闯进来" but that he had "orders that they should be strictly excluded."
他还说道,他每天都接到牧师 或者传教士们的请求 He also said that he had daily requests from clergy or missionaries
申请进入医院传教 对此,他的答复如下 to gain admittance to the hospital, to which he replied that,
"如果在国外,任何想说服病人或者伤员" "If it were abroad that any attempt had been made to proselytise
"改宗的企图都会带来极大的麻烦" "men who are sick or wounded, there would be great trouble".
英国政府明白,要打胜仗 The British Government knew that success in the war
必须依靠印度的支持 was dependant on Indian support.
医院在媒体中的形象正在缓步上升 And the hospital, heavily promoted in the media,
说明英国人现在开始尊重印度人了 showed that the British were now treating Indians with respect.
具有讽刺意味的是,你可以把功劳 都安在那些狂热的基督教传教士头上 Ironically, you could say that the change was the work of fanatical Christian missionaries.
他们极端地把"印度大叛乱"时的 印度人和穆斯林 The very fact that they called Hindus and Muslims "reptiles"
称为"爬虫"和"恶魔" and "demons" in the Great Indian Rebellion,
肆意鼓吹屠杀 对于宗教信仰厚此薄彼的做法 and advocated indiscriminate slaughter, triggered a backlash
触发了人们的强烈反抗 in the form of greater respect for other faiths.
正如大家都在推动 英国人的宽容进程那样 Just as with every other push towards English toleration,
20世纪,我们这个多元化 信仰社会的根基 these 20th century roots of our multi-faith society
和宗教有着千丝万缕的联系 were inextricably tangled up with religion.
曼彻斯特拉肖默
今天,信奉宽容 Today, a commitment to toleration
已经成了英国人鲜明的特征 has become one of the defining characteristics of the English.
让这个民族引以为豪的是 在争取言论自由的进程中 The nation prides itself on being a global trailblazer
他们是这个世界上的开拓者 in the fight for individual freedom of expression.
不过也要清醒地认识到 要达到预期目的 But it's sobering to realise that the journey to achieve it
并不是靠良好的愿望激发而来 was motivated not by good intentions,
而是靠内心的畏惧感 but by fear.
不管什么时代,总会有偏执狂喜欢跳出来 Whatever happened to be the prevailing paranoia of the times,
强迫英国人去宽容或者排斥什么 that was what forced tolerance or intolerance onto the English psyche.
中世纪的人害怕下地狱 The medieval fear of Hell,
新教徒害怕天主教徒 the Protestant terror of Catholics,
帝国的噩梦则是担心权力不保 the Imperial nightmare of losing a grip on power.
这些要素激起了变化 These were the elements that fuelled change.
英国人也许对自己的宽容史 The English may have quite a few illusions
还有着很多错觉 about their history as a tolerant people,
但他们还是在朝好的方面发展 but they've got there anyway.
无论他们怎么看待过去 And whatever they think about their past,
但愿宽容,对差异性的一视同仁 let's hope that toleration, indifference to difference,
将来仍是他们民族性的一部分 remains as part of their future.
最后一集要讲的是 英国人有民族核心吗? In the final episode, is there an ethnic core to Englishness?
在这个系列中,我一直在讨论 上帝是如何塑造英国人的 In this series I've been arguing that God made the English.
但是让他们成为白人 和基督徒的也是他吗? But did he also make them white and Christian?